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Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. (SPE) is the American entertainment subsidiary of Japanese multinational technology and media conglomerate Sony. Based in Culver City, California, it encompasses Sony's motion picture, television production and distribution units. Its group sales in March 31, 2014 has been reported to be of $8 billion.〔〔(Sony Pictures – Corporate Factsheet )〕 Throughout the years, SPE has produced, distributed, or co-distributed successful franchises such as ''Spider-Man'', ''Men in Black'', ''Underworld'', and ''Resident Evil''.〔(‘Skyfall’s $669.2M Global Helps Sony Pictures Post Best Ever $4B Worldwide )〕 Sony Pictures Entertainment is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mpaa.org/about )〕 ==History== On September 1, 1987, The Coca-Cola Company announced plans to spin-off its assets of Columbia Pictures, which they had owned since 1982. Under this arrangement, Coca-Cola would sell their entertainment assets to Tri-Star Pictures, of which they owned 39.6%. Tri-Star would be renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (CPE), with Coca-Cola owning 49%, its shareholders owning 31%, and Tri-Star's shareholders owning 20%.〔Dick, Bernard F. (1992) "Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio" (p. 46). The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1769-0.〕 A new company was formed in early 1988 with the Tri-Star name to take over the studio's production operations. On September 28, 1989, Sony obtained an option to purchase all of The Coca-Cola Company's stock in CPE for $27 per share.〔 The next day, Sony also announced that it reached an agreement with Guber-Peters Entertainment Company, Inc. (NASDAQ: GPEC; formerly Barris Industries, Inc.) to acquire CPE for $200 million when Sony hired Peter Guber and Jon Peters to be its co-chairmen.〔 This was all led by Norio Ohga, who was the president and CEO of Sony during that time. The hiring of Guber and Peters by Sony to run Columbia was conflicted by a previous contract the producers had signed at Warner Bros. Time Warner's chairman, Steve Ross, threatened Sony with a lawsuit for breach of contract. The lawsuit would be subsequently dropped when Sony sold half-interest in Columbia House and cable distribution rights to Columbia's feature films, TV movies, and miniseries to Warner Bros. Said agreement also saw Columbia sell its 35% interest in the Burbank Studios, and acquired Lorimar Studios, previously the MGM lot, from Warner Bros.〔''Warner, Sony settle suit over producers'' (November 17, 1989). Los Angeles: Associated Press.〕〔Medavoy, Mike and Young, Josh (2002). ''You're Only as Good as Your Next One: 100 Great Films, 100 Good Films, and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot'' (p. 210). New York City: Atria Books〕 On October 31, 1989, Sony completed a friendly takeover bid for the rest of shares (51%) of CPE, which was a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: KPE), and acquired 99.3% of the common stock of the company. On November 8, 1989, Sony completed the acquisition by a "short-form" merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Sony Columbia Acquisition Corporation into CPE under Delaware law. Sony also completed a tender offer for shares of common stock of the Guber-Peters Entertainment Company on November 6, 1989 and acquired the company on November 9, 1989. The acquisition cost Sony $4.9 billion ($3.55 billion for shares and $1.4 billion of long-term debt) and was backed (financed) by five major Japanese banks Mitsui, Tokyo, Fuji, Mitsubishi and Industrial Bank of Japan.〔Rudolph B (1994) ''(So many dreams so many losses. )'' ''Time'' vol. 144, no. 22 (November 28, 1994)〕〔Griffin N, Masters K (1996) ''Hit and Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony for a Ride in Hollywood.'' (Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-83266-6)〕〔Nathan, J. (1999) ''Sony: The Private Life.'' (Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-89327-5, ISBN 0-618-12694-5)〕 The company was renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment on August 7, 1991.〔(She Holds Torch for Sony Pictures Entertainment ), latimes.com〕〔 Sony has since created numerous other film production and distribution units, such as creating Sony Pictures Classics for art-house fare, by forming Columbia TriStar Pictures (also known as the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group) by merging Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures in 1998, revitalizing Columbia's former television division Screen Gems. It expanded its operations on April 8, 2005, when a Sony-led consortium acquired the legendary Hollywood studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, in a US$4.8 billion leveraged buyout, through the holding company MGM Holdings Inc.〔''(Sony will purchase MGM in a deal worth about $5 billion )'', ''CNN'', September 14, 2004.〕〔〔 On June 4, 2008, SPE's wholly owned group 2JS Productions B.V. acquired Dutch production company 2waytraffic N.V., famous for ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'' and ''You Are What You Eat'' for £114.3 million ($223.2 million in US dollars). In 2011, the Sony Pictures computer network was breached and approximately one million user accounts associated with the SonyPictures.com website were leaked. On November 18, 2012, Sony Pictures announced it has passed $4 billion with the success of releases: ''Skyfall'', ''The Amazing Spider-Man'', ''21 Jump Street'', ''Men in Black 3'', ''Hotel Transylvania'', ''Underworld: Awakening'', ''The Vow'', and ''Resident Evil: Retribution''.〔 On November 21, 2013, SPE and Sony Entertainment's CEO Michael Lynton announced that SPE will shift emphasis from movies to television by cutting its 2014 film slate.〔DAVID LIEBERMAN "Deadline" (Sony Pictures Vows To Cut Costs $250M+ Through 2016 ) deadline.com, Retrieved on November 22, 2013〕〔DAVID LIEBERMAN "Deadline" (Sony Pictures To Shift Emphasis From Movies To TV, Will Cut Film Output For 2014 ) deadline.com, Retrieved on November 22, 2013〕〔NELLIE ANDREEVA "Deadline" (From Pariah To Company MVP: The Quiet Rise Of Sony’s Television Division ) deadline.com, Retrieved on November 22, 2013〕〔DAVID LIEBERMAN "Deadline" (Sony TV Execs Talk Up Global Opportunities ) deadline.com, Retrieved on November 22, 2013〕 It was also announced on the same day, that there will be more ''Spider-Man'' sequels and spin-offs.〔DAVID LIEBERMAN "Deadline" (Sony Pictures Plans More Spider-Man Sequels And Spinoffs – But Still No Marvel Reunion ) deadline.com, Retrieved on November 22, 2013〕 On January 22, 2014, SPE folded its technology unit into its various cores of its businesses.〔"Deadline" (Layoffs Hit Sony Pictures As SPE Absorbs Technology Unit ) deadline.com, Retrieved on January 24, 2014〕 In April, Sony Pictures arranged a film financing deal worth $200 million with LStar Capital, the credit venture of Lone Star Capital and CitiBank, half in debt and the other in equity to fund most of SPE's film slate for several years. SPE was originally considering a $300 million deal with Blue Anchor Entertainment, led by Bloom Hergott partner John LaViolette and former investment banker & producer Joseph M. Singer, and backed by Longhorn Capital Management and Deutsche Bank, which was held up by regulatory matters. On February 6, 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment, through their legal name "Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal Ltda.", announced that they will close their offices in Portugal on March 31.〔Eurico de Barros "DN Artes"(Columbia Tristar Warner closes offices in Portugal ) dn.pt, Retrieved on May 12, 2015〕 On November 20, 2015, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that they will release Ultra HD Blu-ray Disc releases. The first set will be in early 2016 and will include film and television content. (詳細はGuardians of Peace, disabling many computers. Later the same week, five of Sony Pictures' movies were leaked, including some not yet released (such as ''Fury'' and ''Annie''), as well as confidential data about 47,000 current and former Sony employees.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Sony movies leak online after hack attack )〕〔http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/19/lawsuits-against-sony-pictures-could-test-employer-responsibility-for-data-breaches/〕 Film historian Wheeler Winston Dixon suggested that the hack, which exposed the inner workings of the studio, was "not a pretty picture," and served as a "wake-up call to the entire industry."〔MEG JAMES, RYAN FAUGHNDER, December 13, 2014, Los Angeles Times, (Fallout from Sony hack may alter how Hollywood conducts business ), Retrieved December 14, 2014〕 The hack also revealed some other plans, like a partnership with Marvel Studios for the inclusion of the superhero Spider-Man in ''Captain America: Civil War''.〔(Spider-Man may appear in 'Captain America 3' ) mashable.com〕 On December 16, the hackers issued a warning to moviegoers, threatening to attack anyone who sees ''The Interview'' during the holidays and urging people to "remember the 11th of September 2001". On December 17, 2014 Sony cancelled the previously planned December 25 release of ''The Interview'' in response to hacker threats. On February 24, 2015, Tom Rothman was named chairman of SPE's motion picture group to replace Amy Pascal.〔"Deadline" (Tom Rothman Replaces Amy Pascal At Sony Pictures; Michael Lynton Contract Extended ) deadline.com, Retrieved on 24 February 2015〕〔"Bloomberg" (Sony Names Former Fox Film Chief Tom Rothman to Replace Pascal ) bloomberg.com, Retrieved on 24 February 2015〕 On April 16, 2015, WikiLeaks published over 30,287 documents, 173,132 e-mails, and 2,200 corporate e-mail addresses of Sony Pictures' employees. WikiLeaks said in a press release that the content of the leaks were "newsworthy and at the center of a geo-political conflict" and belonged "in the public domain". Sony Pictures later condemned the hack and subsequent leaks, calling it a "malicious criminal act", while also criticizing WikiLeaks for describing the leaked content as public domain.〔"Los Angeles Times" () latimes.com, Retrieved on April 16, 2015〕〔Anousha Sakoui "Yahoo! Finance" () finance.yahoo.com, Retrieved on April 17, 2015〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sony Pictures Entertainment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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